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Browsing Physical Therapy by Author "Samsam, Mohtashem"
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Item Central Nervous System Acting Drugs in Treatment of Migraine Headache(2012) Samsam, MohtashemMigraine is a primary headache disorder with an unknown pathophysiology. The growing evidence in recent years indicates migraine being a brain disorder, a sensory dysmodulation, and a system failure of normal sensory processing of the brainstem that involves the vascular tone and pain. At the moment, triptan family and NSAIDs are the first choice drugs for the treatment of acute migraine. There are several prophylactic drugs including the antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), betablockers, and Ca2+ channel blockers that are used for the treatment of migraine. Although many drugs including the triptans, NSAIDs, and others target the peripheral sites of activation, several novel drugs are being developed to target neural sites of action in the central nervous system (CNS). The first trigeminal synapses in the brain stem as well as the ascending and descending pathways and higher brain centers are involved in the transmission of pain and therefore be the main targets of several drugs some of which are in clinical trials. Central sensitization may also aggravate the headache and some drugs tend to alleviate pain by targeting neurotransmitters, receptors, or signalling molecules involved in this phenomenon. This article discusses the CNS acting novel drugs and those that are currently in use for the treatment of migraine.Item Epidemiology of Brain and Spinal Tumors(Elsevier, 2021) Samsam, MohtashemEpidemiology of Brain and Spinal Tumors provides a single volume resource on imaging methods and neuroepidemiology of both brain and spinal tumors. The book covers a variety of imaging techniques, including computed tomography (CT), MRI, positron emission tomography (PET), and other laboratory tests used in diagnosis and treatment. Detailed epidemiology, various imaging methods, and clinical considerations of tumors of the CNS make this an ideal reference for users who will also find diverse information about structures and functions, cytology, epidemiology (including molecular epidemiology), diagnosis and treatment.Item Epidemiology of Thyroid Disorders(Elsevier, 2020) Samsam, MohtashemEpidemiology of Thyroid Disorders provides comprehensive, clinical knowledge to professionals dealing with thyroid disorders. The book focuses on the pathophysiology of thyroid disorders, the prevalence and incidence of various diseases, and their prevention. This focused analysis on thyroid disorders raises awareness of this global problem that, once diagnosed or misdiagnosed, can sometimes lead to over-treatment and cardiovascular complications, especially in the elderly. This succinct, targeted reference gives the reader excellent information on the epidemiology of global thyroid disorders, as well as up-to-date treatment data and a special focus on prevention.Item Exosomes Derived from Cardiac Parasympathetic Ganglionic Neurons Inhibit Apoptosis in Hyperglycemic Cardiomyoblasts(2019) Samsam, MohtashemDiabetic cardiomyopathy is known to involve two forms of cardiac cell death: apoptosis and necrosis. However, it remains unknown whether hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis in the H9c2 cell culture system is inhibited by parasympathetic ganglionic neurons (PGN) derived exosomes (exos). We isolated PGN and sympathetic ganglionic neurons (SGN) from the right stellate ganglion in rats, and derived exos from these sources. H9c2 cells were divided into 4 groups: (1) Control, (2) H9c2 + Glucose (100 mmol/L), (3) H9c2 + Glucose + PGN-exos, and (4) H9c2 + Glucose + SGN-exos. We determined cell proliferation and viability with an MTT assay kit, and assessed apoptotic cell death with TUNEL staining and ELISA. Data were further confirmed by analyzing the presence of pro-apoptotic proteins Caspase-3 and Bax, and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Glucose exposed H9c2 cells significantly reduced cell viability, which was improved by PGN-exos, but not by SGN-exos. Furthermore, increased apoptosis in hyperglycemia in H9c2 cells was confirmed with TUNEL staining and cell death ELISA which demonstrated significantly (p < 0.05) reduction with PGN-exos treatment, but not with SGN-exos. Moreover, high expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Caspase-3 and Bax was reduced following treatment with PGN-exos; however, SGN-exos were unable to reduce the expression. Significantly reduced anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 following glucose treatment was improved with PGN-exos. Therefore, our data suggest that hyperglycemia induces apoptosis in H9c2 cells and decreases cell viability, and that PGN-exos are able to inhibit apoptosis, improve cell viability, and restore levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2.Item Functionally Oriented Regional Anatomy(Hayden-McNeil Publishing, 2017) Samsam, MohtashemItem Functionally Oriented Regional Anatomy(Hayden-McNeil Publishing, 2020) Samsam, MohtashemThis book aims to teach human anatomy at a more accessible level, so that it can be used in advanced undergraduate and medical levels. Each region begins with the bones, then the muscles from superficial to the deep layers, followed by the discussion of the nerves and vessels. The order of the teaching depends on the individual instructor. Anatomy is one of the main keystones in the basic foundation of medical science. The study of regional anatomy helps create that strong foundation. When anatomy is discussed, by systems, for instance, important relations between different structures within a region may not be discussed, since each region contains parts of different systems that are not taught at the same time. Learning all of the muscles of the body within 1-2 weeks, and memorizing their function or innervation without their application in the region, or their malfunctions, including signs and symptoms and clinical correlations, may make the subject less interesting. Moreover, since a regional approach is usually followed in the medical anatomy labs, a regional anatomy book can be very helpful in making the connections between the lecture and the lab, and therefore learning the anatomy more efficiently.Item Functionally Oriented Regional Anatomy(Hayden-McNeil Publishing, 2013) Samsam, MohtashemItem Functionally Oriented Regional Anatomy(Hayden-McNeil Publishing, 2011) Samsam, MohtashemItem Functionally Oriented Regional Anatomy(Hayden-McNeil Publishing, 2015) Samsam, MohtashemItem Global Health Complications of Obesity(Elsevier, 2020) Samsam, MohtashemGlobal Health Complications of Obesity presents a valuable resource for research scientists and clinicians by covering the burden of obesity and related diseases and serving as a starting point for in-depth discussions in academic settings and for obesity-treatment specialists. Obesity is associated with a statistically higher risk of heart disease, hypertension, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and many other diseases. This succinct resource focuses on the current data, research and management of obesity. It is essential reading for healthcare professionals, endocrinologists, nutritionists, public health students and medical students.Item Neuromodulation in the Treatment of Migraine: Progress in Nerve Stimulation(2017) Samsam, MohtashemMigraine is a type of primary headache disorder that can become chronic and disabling. The exact pathomechanism of migraine is not known very well and its treatment is also difficult in some cases. There are several medications for the acute and preventive treatment of migraine including the “triptan” family drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-epileptic drugs, beta-blockers, and Ca2+-channel blockers1 and those against calcitonin gene-related peptide or its receptor that are reviewed elsewhere.2 However, there are some medically intractable headaches or patient management is unsatisfactory or medications are poorly tolerated3 or there are contraindications. Therefore, neuromodulation and nerve stimulation methods that have proven effective in clinical research may provide an additional treatment option for acute and preventive treatment of migraine. In this brief review, we will discuss recent advances using neuromodulatory techniques that are currently used in the treatment of headaches in clinical studies. These include the electrical stimulation of occipital nerve, sphenopalatine ganglion, supraorbital nerve, and transcutaneous electrical stimulation of vagus nerve as well as single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. Several clinical studies have conducted neurostimulation for the acute and preventive treatment of migraine in recent years but more studies are necessary to see their efficacy and long-term effect.Item Neuropeptides and Other Chemical Mediators, and the Role of Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Primary Headaches(2010) Samsam, MohtashemPrimary headaches including the migraine, cluster, and tension headaches are common neurological disorders which cause pain and disability to the patients. The pathomechanism of migraine is not very well understood however, current clinical findings indicate a possible primary brain disorder due to activation of the brain and brainstem as triggers for migraine. The headache phase of migraine may be due to activation of the peripheral nerves including the trigeminal nerve and others innervating the cranial blood vessels and release of vasoactive substances including the calcitonin generelated peptides (CGRP), possibly leading to vasodilation and brainstem activation. Several of our studies in an experimental model of pain using electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion in rats focused on various neuropeptides release from the peripheral and central trigeminal nerve terminals, however, clinically only the CGRP in migraine and CGRP and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in cluster headache were found in patient's blood. Although several drugs are used in the treatment of migraine, the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the triptan family of drugs are the first choice drugs recommended for the treatment of acute migraine headache. Although clinically very few studies detected other vasoactive/inflammatory molecules in the blood of migraine patients, sensitization of peripheral axons can involve many inflammatory mediators affecting the peripheral tissue substrates of pain. Moreover, central sensitization in the trigeminal nucleus can also contribute to additional pain responses. This article reviews neuropeptides and other molecules involved in primary headaches and major drugs proposed for their treatment in recent years.Item Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Revisiting Gastrointestinal Involvement and Immune Imbalance(2014) Samsam, MohtashemAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) comprise a group of neurodevelopmental abnormalities that begin in early childhood and are characterized by impairment of social communication and behavioral problems including restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. Several genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD, most of them are involved in neuronal synaptogenesis. A number of environmental factors and associated conditions such as gastrointestinal (GI) abnormalities and immune imbalance have been linked to the pathophysiology of ASD. According to the March 2012 report released by United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the prevalence of ASD has sharply increased during the recent years and one out of 88 children suffers now from ASD symptoms. Although there is a strong genetic base for the disease, several associated factors could have a direct link to the pathogenesis of ASD or act as modifiers of the genes thus aggravating the initial problem. Many children suffering from ASD have GI problems such as abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, gastroesophageal reflux, and intestinal infections. A number of studies focusing on the intestinal mucosa, its permeability, abnormal gut development, leaky gut, and other GI problem raised many questions but studies were somehow inconclusive and an expert panel of American Academy of Pediatrics has strongly recommended further investigation in these areas. GI tract has a direct connection with the immune system and an imbalanced immune response is usually seen in ASD children. Maternal infection or autoimmune diseases have been suspected. Activation of the immune system during early development may have deleterious effect on various organs including the nervous system. In this review we revisited briefly the GI and immune system abnormalities and neuropeptide imbalance and their role in the pathophysiology of ASD and discussed some future research directions.