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Item Assessing Information Literacy Skills and Library Anxiety of First-year Occupational Therapy Graduate Students(2021) Moghimi, Christine; Rickelman, MaryIn today’s academic environment, students equipped with self-regulated learning and information literacy (IL) skills have an excellent opportunity for professional success given the current information-based practices in health care. Purposefully providing IL instruction to students early in their coursework will help them develop competent research skills applicable to their remaining studies and scholarly projects. Along with IL challenges, students can experience “library anxiety,” which the literature identifies as a contributing factor to poor academic performance. This study explored components of library anxiety in Master of Occupational Therapy (MOT) students and identified opportunities for IL training that could help students become more confident and proficient in analyzing research publications. The study was embedded in a class assignment, that had the students, in small groups, connect with a university librarian for a one-hour research consultation and review of library resources. Participants in the study completed a pre- and post-survey of 17 questions utilizing a 4-point Likert scale. The results indicated that the students experienced significant positive change in their confidence level with utilization of research tools. Results also showed that students had increased comfort in seeking help while using the university library. The study suggests that the students’ ability to find and assess quality research material will only improve with practice. Despite the availability of new technology that does not necessitate human contact to facilitate research, face-to-face interactions are the most effective mode of communication for questions that are involved and complex, such as graduate students’ scholarly projects.Item Assessing therapeutic communication during rehabilitation: The Clinical Assessment of Modes(2016) Fan, Chia-WeiOBJECTIVE. This study applied Rasch analysis to test four versions of the Clinical Assessment of Modes (CAM), an assessment based on Taylor’s Intentional Relationship Model: CAM–P, which assesses clients’ pretreatment preferences; CAM–E, clients’ treatment experience; CAM–T, therapists’ self-reported perspective; and CAM–O, an observer rating scale. METHOD. The CAM–P was administered to 63 inpatients. The CAM–E was administered to 110 inpatients and outpatients. Trained raters rated therapists’ modes with 59 inpatients and outpatients on the CAM–O. The CAM–T was administered to 38 therapists. Analyses of reliability and validity were conducted. RESULTS. The CAM demonstrated adequate construct validity. All versions showed acceptable internal consistency and unidimensionality within each of the subscales. Disorder between the 5 points on the ordinal rating scale was found for the client measures (CAM–P, CAM–E) and was resolved by modifying the ratings to encompass a 4-point scale. CONCLUSION. The four CAM versions are reliable and valid measures of therapeutic communication in rehabilitation.Item Associations Between Vaccination and Quality of Life Among Taiwan General Population: A Comparison Between Covid-19 Vaccines and Flu Vaccines(2022) Fan, Chia-WeiThe COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted lives worldwide and has led to global vaccination against COVID-19. However, there are concerns about the adverse effects of such vaccines on individuals' health. Therefore, it is important to investigate the association between vaccination and holistic health outcome (i.e., quality of life [QoL]). The present study analyzed data from the Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS), a survey conducted utilizing stratified random sampling. More specifically, data (N = 1425; 47.44% males; mean age = 50.58 y) on their vaccinations (including COVID-19 and flu vaccines) and QoL (using the Short-Form 12) were used. Participants were separated into two age subgroups for analyses (those aged below 50 y, and those 50 y or above). For participants aged below 50 y, those who received COVID-19 vaccine and those who received both COVID-19 and flu vaccines had significantly better physical QoL than those who did not receive any vaccination. Mental QoL was not significantly associated with vaccinations for participants aged below 50 y. Moreover, neither mental nor physical QoL was significantly associated with vaccinations for those aged 50 y or above. The present study showed that not having COVID-19 and flu vaccinations is associated with poor QoL. This finding should be disseminated to the public to help aid vaccination promotion.Item Burdens on Caregivers of Patients With Stroke During a Pandemic: Relationships With Support Satisfaction, Psychological Distress, and Fear of Covid-19(2022) Fan, Chia-WeiBackground Caregivers have faced unprecedented circumstances throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, but previous research only minimally addresses the caregivers' burden. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between caregiver burden, psychological stress, satisfaction with support, and fear of COVID-19 in caregivers of patients with stroke during the pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional survey study with total of 171 caregivers of patients with stroke in a community hospital in Taiwan. All participants completed the Zarit Burden Interview, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21), satisfaction of support survey, and Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Pearson correlations were used to examine the bivariate correlations between study variables. Then, with the control of demographic confounders, a multiple linear regression model was applied with significant variables to construct and explain caregiver burden. Results The proposed model significantly explained the caregiver burden of caregivers of patients with stroke. Specifically, the caregiver burden was negatively correlated with satisfaction with family support, but positively with psychological distress and the fear of COVID-19. Conclusions Caregivers of patients with stroke will suffer a greater burden if they have lower satisfaction with family support, experienced higher psychological distress, and perceived more fear of the COVID-19 pandemic. Health professionals must address these concerns, support caregivers, and enhance available resources.Item Changes of Health Outcomes, Healthy Behaviors, Generalized Trust, and Accessibility to Health Promotion Resources in Taiwan Before and During Covid-19 Pandemic: Comparing 2011 and 2021 Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS) Cohorts(2022) Fan, Chia-WeiPurpose: The present study compared two nationally representative cohort datasets concerning Taiwan residents’ healthy behaviors, subjective health outcomes, generalized trust, and accessibility to health promotion resources. Patients and Methods: The Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS) was conducted in two waves ten years apart: 2011 cohort (n = 1021; 48.4% males) and 2021 cohort (n = 1425; 47.4%) cohorts. Descriptive statistics were calculated to compare the two TSCS datasets. Then, multiple regression models were constructed with health outcome as the dependent variable, and demographics and other key components as independent variables. Results: The 2011 TSCS cohort showed higher prevalence for cigarette smoking (30.8% vs 25.2%; p=0.002), alcohol drinking (52.5% vs 24.3%; p< 0.001), exercise habits (52.7% vs 48.0%; p=0.02), and better fruit and vegetable accessibility (Mean=3.91 vs 3.82; p=0.04). The 2021 TSCS cohort reported higher body mass index (Mean=24.20 vs 23.63; p< 0.001), less residency in urban areas (22.4% vs 31.1%; p< 0.001), better jogging accessibility (4.14 vs 4.05; p=0.006), higher generalized trust (2.26 vs 2.17; p=0.001), and greater internet usage (3.43 vs 2.89; p< 0.001). The regression model showed that exercise habits (standardized coefficient=0.20 and 0.10; p< 0.001) and generalized trust (standardized coefficient=0.11 and 0.11; p=0.004 and < 0.001) were consistently associated with health outcomes in both cohorts. Additionally, internet use (standardized coefficient=− 0.07; p=0.026) and alcohol drinking behaviors (standardized coefficient=− 0.07; p=0.0022) were negatively associated with health outcomes in the 2021 cohort. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the trends and changes over 10 years regarding multiple health-related components among Taiwan residents. The study’s findings provide insight into education promotion programs to reduce unhealthy behaviors as well as enhancing generalized trust building and developing healthy behaviors for Taiwan residents.Item College Students' Sleep Difficulty During Covid-19 and Correlated Stressors: A Large-scale Cross-sessional Survey Study(2021) Fan, Chia-WeiSleep difficulty is one of the main concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined factors related to vaccination and physical and psychological health conditions, and sleep difficulty in college students in China. An online, cross-sectional, anonymous survey was used to investigate college students' perceived sleep difficulty and relevant components (i.e., physical health condition, psychological distress, knowledge of vaccine, and autonomy of vaccine uptake). Hierarchical ordinal logistic regression was conducted to examine the proposed model with the control of participants' demographics (i.e., gender and age). Valid data of 3,145 students from 43 universities in mainland China was collected in January 2021. The average age of participants was 20.8 years old (S. D. = 2.09). The majority were single (97.4%), and about half were male (49.8%). Results showed that participants had less psychological distress when they had more knowledge about the COVID-19 vaccine and more autonomy to decide whether to receive it. In addition, participants with better physical health experienced less sleep difficulty. In contrast, those with more psychological distress experienced more sleep difficulty. These findings can inform healthcare providers about the relationship between different factors and difficulty sleeping and aid them in developing interventions addressing sleep difficulties associated with the global pandemic. Health authorities also can improve vaccine uptake and reduce hesitancies in future vaccination campaigns based on the study results showing that greater vaccine knowledge and autonomy reduced psychological distress.Item Comparing Component-based and Occupation-based Interventions of a Person With Visual Deficits' Performance(2021) Radloff, Jennifer C.This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of component-based, occupation-based, and a combined intervention for visual-scanning to improve occupational performance. This exploratory case study used a 55-year-old female, seven years post-stroke with visual field deficits, who completed a component-based intervention (Vision Coach), an occupation-based intervention (IADL activities that incorporated scanning tasks), and a combined intervention. The Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) was completed prior to and after each intervention. Participant's data was compared between interventions and AMPS standardization sample, with observable improvements in motor skills and process skills. Visual-scanning training as a compensatory method appears to be effective for chronic visual field deficits post-stroke, particularly using component-based and occupation-based interventions in combination.Item Effects of Sleep Quality on the Association Between Problematic Internet Use and Quality of Life in People with Substance Use Disorder(2022) Fan, Chia-WeiBackground Problematic internet use, especially in people with substance use disorder, may negatively affect their quality of life (QoL). However, it is unclear whether sleep quality is a key mediator in the association between problematic internet use and QoL among people with substance use disorder. Aims This study aimed to investigate the relationship between problematic internet use and QoL and how sleep quality may mediate the association between these two variables. Method Overall, 319 people (85% male) with substance use disorder (mean age 42.2 years, s.d. 8.9) participated in a cross-sectional study in Taiwan. The Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale, Bergan Social Media Addiction Scale, Internet Gaming Disorder-Short Form, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire Brief Version were used. Results The prevalence of sleep problems was 56%. There were significant and direct associations between sleep quality and two types of problematic internet use, and between sleep quality and different dimensions of QoL. All types of problematic internet use were significantly and negatively correlated with QoL. Mediated effects of sleep quality in relationships between the different types of problematic internet use and all dimensions of QoL were significant, except for problematic use of social media. Conclusions Different types of problematic internet use in people with substance use disorder may be directly associated with reduced QoL. Sleep quality as a significant mediator in this association may be an underlying mechanism to explain pathways between problematic internet use and QoL in this population.Item Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of a Clinical Vocational Rehabilitation Outcome Measurement: The Assessment of Work Performance(2013) Fan, Chia-WeiThis study examined the validity and reliability of the Assessment of Work Performance (AWP) using Rasch analysis. The AWP was administered to 365 clients with a variety of work-related problems. Rasch analysis and principal component analysis were used to examine the appropriateness of the rating scales and unidimensionality of AWP items. The person-response validity, internal consistency, targeting appropriateness, and differential item function were also analyzed. The Rasch analysis confirmed the 4-point rating scale, and the item set met the criteria of unidimensionality. The AWP exhibited satisfactory person-response validity and internal consistency. Among the three subdomains, the targeting of item-difficulty was sufficient in the motor skills and process skills subdomains. Differential item functioning was found across gender and diagnoses. This study presented evidence to support that the AWP functioned as a reliable and valid assessment in assessing work performance.Item Examining changes in occupational participation in forensic patients using the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool(2016) Fan, Chia-WeiIntroduction: In occupational therapy, there has been an increased interest in patients’ occupational participation within forensic settings. This retrospective study involved a longitudinal analysis of occupational participation within six forensic hospitals in England. The aim was to contribute to the understanding of forensic patients’ occupational participation over a two-year period. Methods: The Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool (MOHOST) was rated by 78 occupational therapists on 489 patients in low and medium secure units who were receiving occupational therapy over two years. The many-faceted Rasch Model was used to convert their MOHOST scores at each time point into interval scales. Regression analysis was used to examine changes in occupational participation over time. Results: Patients’ overall occupational participation improved over time. Specifically, participation improved in five of the six MOHOST subdomains, which included their motivation for occupation, pattern of occupation, communication/interaction skills, process skills, and environment. Patients did not demonstrate significant change in their motor skills, which varied as expected. In addition, patients in low secure units had better occupational participation than those in medium secure settings. Conclusion: Our findings indicated improvements in the patients’ occupational participation over the 2-year period. Further investigations are needed to understand factors contributing to change.Item Examining the Validity of the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool: Using Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory(2011) Fan, Chia-WeiIntroduction: This study examined the psychometric properties of the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool, using both item response theory and classical test theory. Method: One hundred and one people with mental health problems, aged 18–65 years, were recruited. The Chinese version of the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool, the National Taiwan University Hospital Symptom Checklist, the Volitional Questionnaire, the Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills, and the Mini Mental State Examination were administered. Rasch analysis and correlational analysis were used to examine the construct, convergent, divergent validity and known group validity. Results: Rasch analysis confirmed that there were six subscales within the Chinese version of Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool. The Volitional Questionnaire strongly correlated with the volition subscale (r = 0.583). The Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills strongly correlated with the communication and interaction subscale (r = 0.815). The Mini Mental State Examination was moderately correlated with the process subscale (ρ = 0.334) and the symptomatology was not associated with any of the subscales as expected. There were significant differences on selected subscale scores across four known groups of participants. Conclusion: The Chinese version of the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool was valid when applied to people with mental health problems.Item Exploring culture and therapeutic communication: Therapeutic mode use by occupational therapists in the United States and Singapore(2020) Fan, Chia-WeiImportance: According to the Intentional Relationship Model, six therapeutic modes characterize client–therapist interactions in occupational therapy: advocating, collaborating, empathizing, encouraging, instructing, and problem solving. However, whether these modes hold across cultural contexts is not clear. Objective: To compare therapeutic mode use in occupational therapy interactions in the United States and Singapore. Design: Cross-sectional observational study; questionnaires were collected and compared from two convenience samples of occupational therapists from the United States and Singapore, and results were analyzed using t tests and general linear modeling. Setting: Large tertiary hospitals. Participants: Occupational therapists were recruited if they had at least 6 mo experience in their clinical specialty. Adult client participants were recruited if they had or planned to have at least three occupational therapy sessions. Outcomes and Measures: The therapist version of the Clinical Assessment of Modes (CAM–T) was used to assess occupational therapists’ therapeutic mode use in interactions with specific clients. Results: A total of 74 U.S. and 39 Singaporean client–therapist interactions were assessed. U.S. therapists were more likely to use the upper end of the response scale; after we corrected for this, the pattern of mode use was similar in both cultural contexts, with instructing mode used the most. In absolute terms, U.S. therapists used the instructing mode more frequently than Singaporean therapists. Conclusion and Relevance: Further research should be done to examine the sociocultural factors that affect responses on the CAM–T and mode use. What This Article Adds: This study is the first to compare therapeutic mode use in different cultural settings. With the globalization of occupational therapy practice, it is important to consider the generalizability of occupational therapy concepts across cultures.Item Extended Theory of Planned Behavior in Explaining the Intention to Covid-19 Vaccination Uptake Among Mainland Chinese University Students: An Online Survey Study(2021) Fan, Chia-WeiObjective: The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is one of the most robust models in explaining health-related behavior. In this study, we tested the extended TPB to predict university students' intentions to uptake COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was developed to investigate students' intention to uptake the COVID-19 vaccine based on the components of the TPB (i.e., attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) and extended components (i.e., knowledge about COVID-19, risk perception of COVID-19, and past influenza vaccination behavior). Non-probability sampling was used to collect data from 3145 students from 43 universities in mainland China in January 2021. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to examine the proposed model. Enrolled students were relatively young (mean age = 20.80 years; SD = 2.09), half of them are female (50.2%), and most of them were studying in undergraduate programs (n = 3026; 96.2%). Results: The results showed that students' knowledge of the COVID-19 vaccine and risk perception of COVID-19 positively influenced their attitude toward the uptake of a COVID-19 vaccine. Also, students' attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination uptake and their past influenza vaccination uptake behaviors were positively associated with the intention to uptake COVID-19 vaccination. Subjective norm and perceived behavioral control were not significant predictors for the intention to uptake COVID-19 vaccination (R 2 = 0.49). Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that the extended TPB appears to be an efficient model with the focus on attitude, knowledge, risk perception, and past influenza vaccination uptake behaviors in explaining students' intention for COVID-19 vaccination.Item Gay Community Stress Scale with Its Cultural Translation and Adaptions in Taiwan(2022) Fan, Chia-WeiThe present study aimed to adapt the Gay Community Stress Scale (GCSS) into the traditional Chinese version for measuring gay community stress experienced. Additionally, we examined its psychometric propensities among gay and bisexual men (GBM) in Taiwan. In total, 736 GBM participated in this study and completed the 35-item traditional Chinese version of the GCSS (29 items from the original GCSS and six items from the results of the focus group interviews among GBM in Taiwan); the Measure of Internalized Sexual Stigma for Lesbians and Gay Men (MISS-LG); the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI); and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Exploratory factor analysis results suggest a five-factor structure (i.e., Sex, Status, Competition, Exclusion, and Externals) for the 32-item traditional Chinese version of the GCSS among Taiwanese GBM; three items were deleted due to low factor loadings (i.e., <0.3). The five-factor “Externals” were not observed in the original GCSS. Moreover, the concurrent validity of the traditional Chinese version was supported by the positive correlations with MISS-LG, STAI, and CES-D. In conclusion, the traditional Chinese version of the GCSS showed relatively satisfactory psychometric properties. However, further research is needed to investigate the reasons for the possible etiology account for the different factor structures between the traditional Chinese version and the original GCSS.Item Influence of Interprofessional Communication on Discharge Decisions in Prelicensure Healthcare Learners(2020) Radloff, Jennifer C.Introduction: Readiness in interprofessional practice is expected of graduating health professionals. This study examined the effectiveness of education on interprofessional communication around discharge destination decisions of healthcare learners utilizing standardized patients in an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). Methods: Occupational therapy (OT, n = 26), physical therapy (PT, n = 27), and physician assistant (PA, n = 35) learners individually assessed a standardized patient (SP) in a simulated acute care setting and chose a discharge destination from a list of options. Next, learners considered other team member perspectives, either in an interprofessional team huddle or through review of written documentation, before meeting with the SP as a team and finalizing discharge destination decisions. Learner decisions were compared to expert opinion using cross tabulation. Results: Overall, learners in both intervention groups significantly improved their discharge decisions matched with expert opinion (Team Huddle, p = 0.001; Written Communication, p = 0.006) without a significant difference between the Team Huddle and Written Communication groups (p = .774). Variance was noted among disciplines with statistical significance only noted between OT learners and learners from the other professions (Team Huddle, p = 0.004; Written Communication, p = 0.016). Conclusion: Interprofessional collaboration through either team huddle or written communication improves discharge decision-making with compatible effectiveness between them.Item Interprofessional Collaborative Care Skills and Behaviors: Perception Differences Between Allied Health Students and an Independent Observer(2022) Radloff, Jennifer C.Interprofessional practice and education (IPE) is incorporated into pre-licensure healthcare programs to prepare students for collaboration in clinical practice and to improve patient outcomes. The use of interprofessional simulation as a teaching strategy is increasing, but most literature involves medical and nursing students, and outcomes measure students' knowledge, perceptions, or attitudes. The purpose of this study was to compare allied health students' self-assessment of their team's interprofessional collaborative care (IPCC) skills and behaviors with an independent observer's perception during an interprofessional simulation discharge planning event with standardized patients. Students (n = 177) were recruited from the Departments of Occupational Therapy (OT), Physical Therapy (PT), and Physician Assistant Studies (PA). Students reflected on their team's performance, and an independent observer assessed each team's IPCC skills and behaviors with a valid and reliable tool developed from the IPEC Core Competencies. The results showed that students' assessments of their teams' IPCC were significantly greater than the independent observer's ratings. Additionally, the observer found that the students demonstrated higher levels of interprofessional collaboration during a team huddle without a standardized patient present. This study suggests that IPE program evaluation should include observations of interprofessional skills and behaviors and that students involved in interprofessional simulation may benefit from a team huddle prior to team interactions with a standardized patient.Item Interprofessional Education for Health Science Students’ Attitudes and Readiness to Work Interprofessionally: A Prospective Cohort Study(2018) Radloff, Jennifer C.Background: Interprofessional education of healthcare providers is necessary to foster collaborative practice and improve patient outcomes. Objective: To examine the effectiveness of the single-session interprofessional education in improving interprofessional attitudes, increasing knowledge of healthcare professions, and improving perceived-readiness for working interprofessionally and with older adults in students in occupational therapy, physical therapy, and physician assistant graduate programs. Methods: We used a prospective, pre–post cohort design. Fall risk evaluation for older adults was selected as the topic of the 4-hour interprofessional education session. Graduate students from three professional programs including occupational therapy (n = 20), physical therapy (n = 26), and physician assistant studies (n = 35) participated in the study, and 17 older adults aged 65 years or older volunteered for the session. Our primary outcome measure was the Interprofessional Attitudes Scale measuring interprofessional attitudes, and our secondary outcome measure was the study-specific questionnaire measuring the direct effect of our interprofessional education session. Results: Graduate students showed significant improvements in the subscale of teamwork, roles, and responsibilities in the Interprofessional Attitudes Scale. Students also showed significant improvements in “understanding of other professions,” “perceived-readiness to work interprofessionally,” and “perceived-readiness to work with older adults” in the study-specific questionnaire. Ceiling effects were observed in most of the subscales in the Interprofessional Attitudes Scale. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that a single 4-hour interprofessional education session can improve interprofessional attitudes, knowledge of other professions, and perceived-readiness of health science graduate students to work interprofessionally and to work with older adults.Item Intraprofessional Collaboration in Learning Evidence-based Practice(2021) Fan, Chia-Wei; Case, VickiLittle is known about how collaborative curricular activities can help students learn about scientific evidence in occupational therapy (OT) and occupational therapy assistant (OTA) programs. We created and measured collaborative learning in evidence-based practice activities to enhance partnership building and intraprofessional collaboration among students in OT and OTA programs. Thirty-three OT students and 26 OTA students enrolled in a didactic course (Phase I) and an intraprofessional collaborative learning activity (Phase II) participated in this quasi-experimental repeated measure study. The students’ ability of how to read scholarly articles and their perceived importance and perceived ability to engage in intraprofessional collaboration were examined at three time points. Improvements were found in the OT students’ perceived importance of intraprofessional roles/responsibilities and the OTA students’ perceived ability to engage in intraprofessional communication after completing the Phase I didactic course. Both the OT and OTA students’ perceived ability to work as a team, identify their roles/responsibilities, communicate with peers, and their ability to read scholarly articles improved after the Phase II intraprofessional collaboration. Students valued the opportunity to gain collaboration experience and share different perspectives. They indicated they would have preferred to spend more time on the activities. The findings suggest that targeted learning activities can improve OT and OTA students’ ability to engage in evidence-based practice and their perceived importance and ability to engage in intraprofessional collaboration. Effective partnerships and intraprofessional collaboration are best introduced within academic programs.Item Motivational Change Over the Course of Hippotherapy: An Exploratory Study of Three Children with Autism(2010) Fan, Chia-WeiThis article describes the findings from a research study looking at the motivational pathways of children with autism while participating in a 16‐week hippotherapy intervention. The Pediatric Volitional Questionnaire (PVQ) was used to document quantitative data for the changes in motivation that each child experienced, and videotaping was used for qualitative information. The study found that the motivation of children with autism will take highly individual pathways over time, and will be dependent on environmental factors.Item Occupational therapy students’ self-efficacy for therapeutic use of self: Development and associated factors(2020) Fan, Chia-WeiOccupational therapy students need to develop self-efficacy for therapeutic use of self in practice. This longitudinal study examined Norwegian occupational therapy students’ self-efficacy for therapeutic use of self over a 16-month period and investigated predictors of their end-point self-efficacy. One hundred and eleven students from two universities completed a self-efficacy questionnaire related to the use of self after a workshop, and at 3-month, 10-month, and 16-month follow-up. The students’ self-efficacy development was analyzed with linear mixed effect models, while factors associated with self-efficacy were investigated with linear regressions. The students from both universities showed a linear increase in self-efficacy for therapeutic mode use (p < 0.001), recognizing clients’ interpersonal characteristics (p < 0.001), and managing interpersonal events (p < 0.001). However, for the students from University 1 the largest increase occurred in an early phase, whereas for the students from University 2 the largest increase occurred in a late phase. Only baseline scores were associated with the end-point measure at 16-month follow-up. The study indicates that students’ self-efficacy for therapeutic use of self increased during the follow-up period and adds to the knowledge about occupational therapy students’ self-efficacy development related to understanding and managing client-therapist interactions.
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